Partial Synthetic PPARƳ Derivative Ameliorates Aorta Injury in Experimental Diabetic Rats Mediated by Activation of miR-126-5p Pi3k/AKT/PDK 1/mTOR Expression

Figures

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  Figure 1. Bar chart illustrating 14 days of oral standard PIO and P-PPARƳ synthetic derivative treatment on aorta tissue levels of E-selectin (A) and ICAM-1 (B) against STZ-induced vascular damage. The data are shown as mean values with standard errors (SEM) at p < 0.05; a significantly different from the normal control group; b significantly differ from the positive control group.

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  Figure 2. Bar chart illustrating 14 days of oral standard PIO and P-PPARƳ synthetic derivative treatment on aorta tissue levels of VIP (A) and ET-1 (B) against STZ-induced vascular damage. The data are shown as mean values with standard errors (SEM) at p < 0.05; a significantly different from the normal control group; b significantly differ from positive control group.

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  Figure 3. Bar chart illustrating 14 days of oral standard PIO and P-PPARƳ synthetic derivative treatment on aorta miR-126-5p against STZ-induced vascular damage. The data are shown as mean values with standard errors (SEM) at p < 0.05; a significantly different from the normal control group; b significantly differ from positive control group.

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  Figure 4. The bar chart and bands reflect the protein expression of aorta tissue toward (A) p-AKT, (B) p-Pi3k, (C) p-PDK, and (D) p-mTOR after 2 weeks of oral treatment with oral standard PIO and P-PPARƳ synthetic derivative treatment against STZ-induced vascular damage. The data are shown as mean values with standard errors (SEM) at p < 0.05; a significantly different from the normal control group; b significantly differ from positive control group.

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  Figure 5. STZ-induced endothelial damage in rat aorta H&E staining sections. (A) The normal control presents elastic tissues with normal endothelium and smooth muscle cells, all represented by black arrows. (B) Positive control group showing intimal destruction (black arrow), with clefts in sub-intima (red arrow), media (yellow arrow) with cytoplasmic clearing of smooth muscle cells (violet arrow), and sub-medial separation (blue arrow), (C) Oral treated standard group PIO signifies minimal endothelial layer clefting, in addition to restoring normal smooth muscles, all represented by black arrows. (D) P-PPARƳ synthetic derivative compound showing integral intima (black arrow) with slight medial clefting (star) and normal smooth muscle cells (middle black arrows).

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  Figure 6. (A) A representative immunohistochemical examination of endothelial aorta rat sections with eNOS against STZ-induced damage followed by 2 weeks of treatment with oral standard PIO group and P-PPARƳ synthetic derivative. (a) Normal control section showing blood artery wall endothelium and smooth muscle cells exhibiting robust cytoplasmic responses to endothelial eNOS, all represented by black arrows. (b) Positive control group STZ representing the vascular aortic walls with weak eNOS reactivity in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, represented by black arrows. (c) PIO group representing mild cytoplasmic reactivity to eNOS in endothelial cells (black arrow) and in smooth muscle cells (red arrows); (d) P-PPARƳ synthetic derivative group highly expressed in the cytoplasmic responsiveness to eNOS and in the blood vessel wall represented by black arrows; (B) Graphical presentation of the changes in eNOS immunostaining intensity in different groups. Bars represent the mean ± SD (n = 4). Comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. a Significantly different from control group at p < 0.05; b significantly different from positive…