How to diversify native trees in cities: a trait-based approach in the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil

Enhancing tree diversity is a key strategy for building climate-resilient cities. In Brazil, however, urban forests, except in urban forest remnants, are often dominated by a few species, mostly exotic, despite the country's immense native biodiversity. This study presents a rapid and simple method to support planners in designing functionally diverse urban forests using native trees. We grouped 77 native species from the Dense Ombrophilous Forest (DOF) in southern Brazil into six functional groups based on four traits: seed mass, wood density, height, and leaf persistence. These groups represent distinct ecological strategies and can guide tree selection tailored to local conditions. By offering a low-cost, replicable tool grounded in functional ecology, this approach promotes the use of native species, enhances ecosystem resilience, and fosters a stronger local ecological identity. The method can be adapted for use in other formations and biomes and is particularly relevant for small and mid-sized cities that usually lack the technical capacity for ecological planning.