Modeling and Analysis of Nonlinear Radiative and Electromagnetic Effects With Second‐Order Slip in Unsteady Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Past a Porous Stretching Surface

The unsteady stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid (Fe 2 O 3 ‐Cu/H 2 O) over an inclined porous stretching surface subject to the combined effects of magnetic and electric fields, mixed convection, heat source/sink and linear and nonlinear thermal radiations is explored in this study. The current study incorporates a second‐order velocity slip condition to capture the near‐wall rarefaction effects, which puts it apart from the traditional single‐slip or no‐slip formulations. Using appropriate similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are converted into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically solved using the MATLAB bvp4c solver. The results show that the velocity profile raises with the increase of magnetic field parameter under suction but decreases with the increase of magnetic field parameter under injection and electric field parameter increases the flow velocity for all values of suction/injection. The temperature profile increases with increase in magnetic strength, Eckert number and slip parameter because of enhanced Joule heating and viscous dissipation while the electric field and heat sink has decreasing effect on the temperature profile. The effect of nonlinear radiation on temperature profile and Nusselt number is more complex than the linear radiation. These findings provide useful insights for thermal management in engineering systems involving magnetized hybrid nanofluids over stretching surfaces.