Structure, function and synthesis techniques of two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) for energy storage and conversion application

In recent times, two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) are primarily finding their application in electrode materials for catalytic sectors like photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and thermocatalysis, as they exhibit large surface areas, excellent surface characteristics, outstanding mechanical properties and unsaturated active sites. The role played by synthesis techniques in developing 2D MOF hybrids and their derived materials is very crucial in determining stability, conductivity, durability and functionality. Even though the ability to conduct electricity is low in these materials as compared to other 2D materials, the properties can be tuned during fabrication, making them ideal candidates for diverse applications. Advanced fabrication techniques like ultrasonic, microwave heating, electrochemical synthesis, micromechanical, exfoliation, solvothermal, interfacial synthesis, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), Langmuir–Blodgett, scotch tape and CO2 coordination methods have produced MOFs with excellent conductive properties and redox-active sites, particularly for energy storage and conversion applications. 2D MOFs are observed to be highly conductive and stable, making them a good choice for hydrogen generation, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries and supercapacitors. This paper explores MOF structure, functions and its tailored synthesis for energy storage and conversion applications. This research highlights the role of MOF in generating solutions for sustainable energy and environmental challenges.