Accuracy and bias of methods used for root length measurements in functional root research

Summary Functional root traits are becoming a key measure in plant ecology, and root length measurements are needed for the calculation of root traits. Several methods are used to estimate the total root length ( TRL ) of washed root samples [e.g. modified line intersect ( LI ) method, Win RHIZO TM and IJ _Rhizo], but no standardized comparison of methods exists. We used a set of digital images of unstained root samples to compare measurements given by the LI method and automated methods provided by Win RHIZO TM and IJ _Rhizo. Linear regression models were used to detect bias. Both linear regression models and the Bland‐Altman`s method of differences were used to evaluate the accuracy of eight methods (1 manual, 2 semi‐automated and 5 automated) in comparison with a reference method that avoided root detection errors. Length measurements were highly correlated, but did not exactly agree with each other in 11 of 12 method comparisons. All tested methods tended to underestimate the TRL of unstained root samples. The accuracy of Win RHIZO TM was influenced by the thresholding method and the root length density ( RLD ) in the pictures. For the other methods, no linear relationship was found between accuracy and RLD . With Win RHIZO TM (global thresholding + pixel reclassification; RLD = 1 cm cm −2 ), the Regent's method and the Tennant's method underestimated the TRL by 7·0 ± 6·2% and 4·7 ± 7·9%, respectively. The LI method gave satisfactory results on average (underestimation: 4·2 ± 6·0%), but our results suggest that it can lead to inaccurate estimations for single images. In IJ _Rhizo, the Kimura method was the best and underestimated the TRL by 5·4 ± 6·1%. Our results showed that care must be taken when comparing measurements acquired with different methods because they can lead to different results. When acquiring root images, we advise to (i) increase the contrast between fine roots and background by staining the roots, and (ii) avoid overlapping roots by not exceeding a RLD of 1 cm cm −2 . Under these conditions, good length estimates can be obtained with Win RHIZO TM (global thresholding + pixel reclassification). The Kimura method in IJ _Rhizo can be an alternative to Win RHIZO TM .