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In recent years, advanced nano-biohybrid photocatalysts emerging from the convergence of nanotechnology and biotechnology have driven significant progress in addressing environmental and energy challenges. Escalating pollution, growing energy demands, and inadequate waste management regulations highlight the need for eco-friendly and efficient catalytic systems. Photocatalytic nanomaterials exhibit excellent photodegradation efficiency and fast reaction kinetics, while biomaterials provide environmental compatibility and unique functionality. Their integration yields biohybrid nanocomposites with enhanced physicochemical properties and reduced ecological footprints. This review summarizes recent developments in the design, synthesis, and applications of metal-based biohybrid photocatalysts using sustainable strategies. Emphasis is placed on their structural and functional advantages, including enhanced light absorption, improved charge separation, and increased operational stability. Key synthesis methods and multifunctional applications are critically examined, spanning wastewater treatment, renewable energy generation, biomedicine, and catalysis. Challenges related to stability, selectivity, and scalability are discussed alongside future research directions for optimizing catalytic performance and promoting industrial translation. Overall, the transformative potential of metal-based nano-biohybrid photocatalysts in driving sustainable environmental and energy solutions is highlighted.
Chabalala et al. (Mon,) studied this question.