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The ligand-controlled Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov hydrocarboxylation of styrenes with atmospheric pressure of CO 2 at room temperature using dual visible-light-nickel catalysis has been developed. In the presence of neocuproine as ligand, the Markovnikov product is obtained exclusively, while employing 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) as the ligand favors the formation of the anti-Markovnikov product. A range of functional groups and electron-poor, -neutral, as well as electron-rich styrene derivatives are tolerated by the reaction, providing the desired products in moderate to good yields. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicate the generation of a nickel hydride (H-Ni II ) intermediate, which subsequently adds irreversibly to styrenes.
Meng et al. (Thu,) studied this question.