Green route synthesis of CeO₂ nanoparticles using solanum nigrum: A multifunctional study on environmental, biomedical, and plant growth applications

Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum) extract was utilized as the stabilizing ingredient in the sol-gel process used to create cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 -NPs). XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, UV-Vis, and XPS techniques were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The cubic structure is visible in the XRD pattern. The agglomerated shape of CeO 2 -NPs is depicted in the FESEM/PSA images. The XPS method was used to analyze the chemical bonding nature of CeO 2 nanoparticles and revealed that Ce and O comprise the bulk of the sample. The high-resolution Ce 3D spectra show spin-orbit doublets and a well-separated spin-orbit splitting. The three main binding energies are linked to lattice and surface adsorbed oxygen ions.The presence of organic carbon is shown by the C 1S peak. The nanoparticles' UV-Vis spectra show a noticeable adsorption band at the wavenumber range of 417 nm. Additionally, the degradation of RB dye under UVA light was used to test the photocatalytic efficacy of CeO 2 -NPs. The results showed a degradation percentage of 78%, which is associated with pollutants present in sewage water. The cytotoxicity of CeO 2 -NPs on HeLa cell lines is not concentration-dependent, according to the MTT assay data. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity research reveals that the cancer cells are significantly harmed by the nanoparticles at the higher dosage of 200 µg/mLThe effects of CeO 2 NPs on seed weights, root and shoot lengths, and both were observed to differ significantly. While plants treated with 5a produced much larger seeds, those treated with a 10 ⁻4 M dose had longer roots and shoots.