Effect of semi-open space design on energy and thermal performance of buildings in different climates: a systematic review

Buildings are commonly defined as assemblies of interconnected enclosed spaces. However, architectural living spaces are often a combination of closed and semi-open spaces. While previous literature has described various roles of these spaces, currently, the focus has shifted towards their energy-saving potential. This paper provides a critical evaluation of the effects of various semi-open spaces, including balconies, loggias, verandas, and iwans, on thermal comfort and energy consumption of adjacent enclosed spaces across different climates. It aims to identify influential design parameters in semi-open spaces from an energy perspective, using the PRISMA guidelines. The results define the gaps and highlight several inconsistencies in the previous studies. Variables affecting the energy efficiency of semi-open spaces are classified into three groups, including environmental and architectural parameters, and characteristics of the semi-open space. The study also discusses the implications of evaluation methods and simulation tools, providing valuable insights for designers and future research.Abbreviations: CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics; CV: Cross Ventilation; DBT: Dry Bulb Temperature; IAD: Indoor Air Deviation; IAV: Average Indoor Temperature; IAD: Indoor Air Quality; m: meter; MRT: Mean Radiant Temperature; N, S, E, W: North, South, East, West; NV: Natural Ventilation; °C: Degree Centigrade; °F: Degree Fahrenheit; PMV: Predicted Mean Vote; PPD: Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied; SET*: Standard Effective Temperature; SSV: Single-Sided Ventilation; VR: Ventilation Rate; WWR: Window to wall ratioHighlightsGaps and several inconsistencies in the existing literatureNeed for design guidelines, optimal properties, and priority of design parametersImplications in terms of evaluation methods and simulation toolsThe most influential design parameters from an energy perspective