Graphene/fullerene-based heterocyclic conducting polymer

Graphene and fullerene derivatives are highly promising carbon-based nanomaterials, with superior electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, making them prime materials for constructing sophisticated conducting polymers. When combined with heterocyclic compounds such as polythiophenes, polypyrroles, and polyanilines, these materials exhibit synergistic properties, including improved charge transport, structural stability, and resistance to external environments. This review provides a thorough overview of composites, recent advances in materials science, and the synthesis, structural modulation, and functionalization of graphene- and fullerene-based heterocyclic conductive polymers. It also focuses on interfacial interactions, doping mechanisms, and morphological factors controlling their optoelectronic and electrochemical performance. The study also discusses their multifaceted applications in energy storage devices, sensors, flexible electronics, and organic photovoltaics. The main challenges, including dispersion uniformity, polymer-nanocarbon compatibility, and scalable fabrication, are critically evaluated. At the end, by consolidating existing knowledge and demarking directions for future work, this review is intended to facilitate continued innovation in hybrid organic-inorganic electronic materials.