Metal‐Based Materials for Redox Modulation in Biomedicine

Metal materials have become increasingly important in modulating biological redox networks for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, owing to their distinctive electronic properties and adaptable reactivity. This review synthesizes recent developments across various metal‐based materials, including elemental metals, metal oxides, coordination complexes, MOFs, and hybrid metal nanomedicines, emphasizing their selective ability to generate or scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). These processes enable controlled oxidative stress responses, such as ferroptosis and immunomodulation, which are central to emerging treatment strategies. Key advances include the engineering of iron oxide‐based nanozymes that leverage Fenton chemistry for targeted chemodynamic therapy, the creation of stimuli‐responsive MOFs that facilitate coordinated drug delivery alongside redox‐triggered imaging, and the deliberate integration of metal components to achieve a balance between antioxidant protection and prooxidant toxicity, enhancing both safety and therapeutic efficacy. Despite these achievements, significant challenges persist, particularly in distinguishing therapeutic redox modulation from nonspecific toxicity caused by overlapping molecular mechanisms and complex pharmacokinetic profiles. Moving forward, the field must prioritize the establishment of rigorous mechanistic benchmarks and translational frameworks to ensure that metal‐based redox agents meet stringent drug‐development criteria, thereby advancing precision nanomedicine toward clinical applications.