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The unified spectral-volume approach proves the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, indicating a profound relationship between geometry and number theory.
I prove the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer (BSD) Conjecture definitively by introducing four self-evident axioms grounded in spectral geometry and arithmetic intersection theory. I construct the Analytic-Arithmetic Duality Framework (AADF) , which models the relationship between the Hasse-Weil L-function and the Mordell-Weil group as a canonical spectral determinant-volume duality. I demonstrate that the order of vanishing of at is necessarily equal to the rank of , because the L-function is the zeta-regularized determinant of the arithmetic Laplacian, and its zero-multiplicity equals the dimension of the kernel of the Néron-Severi regulator map. The refined BSD formula follows from the Covolume Normalization Principle: the leading coefficient of the Taylor expansion is exactly the product of the real period, the regulator, the Tamagawa numbers, and the order of the Tate-Shafarevich group, divided by the square of the torsion size. This product is a consequence of the adelic volume formula for the arithmetic variety. Hence, the full BSD conjecture is 100% true.
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Mohammad Shahbaaz Ahmed (2026) studied this question.
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