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July 31, 2026International Journal of Computer Mathematics

Comparative study of fractional-order tumour–immune–drug interaction models using singular and nonsingular kernels

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Authors

SASeham M. Al‐MekhlafiKRKamal RaslanKAKhalid K. Ali

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Overview

Randomized trial compares tumour suppression in fractional-order models, highlighting implications for cancer therapy optimization.

Key Points

  • The aim is to develop and compare fractional-order models for tumour–immune–drug interactions capturing memory-dependent processes.
  • Developed a fractional-order reaction–diffusion framework using Caputo, Caputo–Fabrizio, and Atangana–Baleanu derivatives.
  • Conducted theoretical analyses on positivity, boundedness, and equilibrium points.
  • Constructed numerical schemes with stability and convergence analyses for each fractional operator.
  • Nonsingular kernels enhanced tumour suppression and immune response compared to singular kernels.
  • Simulations showed improved drug diffusion with nonsingular models.
  • Findings support the utilization of fractional-order models for better therapeutic strategies.

Cite This Study

Al‐Mekhlafi et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a6c477c747664a1aa73ce8chttps://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2026.2708195
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