The role of endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration for programmed death ligand 1 testing and next generation sequencing in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Guidelines recommend testing for driver mutations and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression at the time of initial diagnosis and during disease progression to help determine prognosis and initiate personalized therapy. In this article we review the updated literature and techniques of endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in obtaining adequate tissue for molecular analysis by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and for assessing PD-L1 expression through immunohistochemistry.