High areal and volumetric capacity sustainable all-polymer paper-based supercapacitors

Dense, yet porous, all-polymer thick paper electrodes are constructed by compression of PPy@nanocellulose composites. When used in symmetric supercapacitors, these electrodes yield a device volumetric energy density of 3.7 W h L ⁻¹ as well as the highest volumetric specific capacitance (236 F cm ⁻³ ) and areal capacitance (5.66 F cm ⁻² ) ever shown for conducting polymer-based electrodes.