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The electrochemical insertion/extraction of calcium ions into/from crystalline vanadium oxide was investigated by galvanostatic measurements. Electrochemical cells using as a cathode active material provided a discharge capacity of more than at a current density of However the discharge capacity decreased greatly as the current density increased. This behavior seemed to reflect that calcium ions do not diffuse easily in the oxide lattice. The structural changes in after discharging and charging were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). After discharging, a new phase caused by the ion-insertion reaction was observed in the XRD pattern that coexisted with the pristine phase.
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Hayashi et al. (2004) studied this question.
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