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It is shown that tunneling theories of ionization by lasers are subject to upper and lower bounds on the Keldysh parameter. The tunneling limit, 0, applies to ionization by quasistatic electric fields, but not by laser fields. For lasers, the 0 limit requires a relativistic treatment. Bounds on the applicability of tunneling theories depend on parameters other than, confirming the rule that strong-field phenomena require more than one dimensionless parameter for scaling.
Howard Reiss (Tue,) studied this question.
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