Advances in nose to brain targeted nano drug delivery system for Alzheimer’s disease: Emphasis on preparative techniques, preclinical, clinical, and toxicity assessment

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurological disorder, is marked by a gradual deterioration of cognitive abilities. Contemporary therapeutic strategies predominantly entail the delivery of pharmaceuticals by oral, parenteral, and transdermal methods, with the objective of enhancing cognitive performance and mitigating symptoms. Nonetheless, these therapies encounter constraints, including limited bioavailability and insufficient permeability. Consequently, the creation of a non-invasive and effective delivery mechanism is essential. Intranasal administration has surfaced as a viable alternative, however, limited by the specific characteristics of the nasal canal. A novel method employs nanotechnology-based nano-carriers for intranasal administration, offering a promising approach to deliver therapeutic agents directly to the brain. Additionally, nanoplatform such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsion etc. can transport the medication via nose to brain delivery for AD. This technique may address existing constraints by offering increased bioavailability, greater penetration, efficient passage through the blood-brain barrier, prolonged retention in the body, and accurate targeting of the brain. Nasal medication administration has become a dependable technique to circumvent the blood-brain barrier and efficiently administer various neurotherapeutic drugs to the brain. This article provides a comprehensive discussion of nose to brain targeted nano drug delivery system for AD. Moreover, we have limited our discussion to the preparative method, experimental models used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal nano drug delivery systems, and toxicity profiling of nose to brain targeted nano drug delivery system. These advancements in nasal targeted-based delivery systems represent a promising direction for improving AD treatment outcomes, offering the potential for more effective, targeted therapies with fewer systemic side effects.