Nanostructure-integrated electrochemical devices for biomedical applications

Nanostructured device-integrated electrochemical biosensing is advancing clinical and healthcare platforms for the rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of clinically important viruses, bacteria, biomarkers, and other biomolecules in precision medicine. These biosensors exploit the unique properties of functionalized nanostructures including high surface area, tunable electrochemical behavior, and efficient signal transduction to achieve improved analytical performance compared with conventional sensor technologies. In particular, the incorporating of nanostructured materials such as metal nanoparticles and graphene-based materials can offer enhance sensitivity, faster response times, and greater adaptability to a wide range of biomarker targets, including viral and bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, the integration of advanced data processing and artificial intelligence (AI) enables signal denoising, feature extraction, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling, thereby expanding the capabilities of these biosensing platforms. This review focuses on the emerging n nanostructured device-integrated electrochemical technologies and their integration with data science to improve performance and expand potential applications in precision medicine. These advancements can improve biosensor sensitivity, selectivity, and real-world applicability, paying the way for intelligent, autonomous, and customizable next-generation analytical devices. We further discuss current challenges and future prospects, including the need for standardized datasets, model interpretability and robust external validation and self-optimizing biosensing systems.