Evolutionary characteristics of manufacturing value-added trade network and embodied carbon emissions: An international analysis

The flows of value-added and embodied carbon emissions are significant issues in international trade. This study utilizes the multi-regional database to construct an environmental input-output model from 1990 to 2021, analyzing the global manufacturing value-added trade network and embodied carbon emissions of 115 countries (regions). It also examines pollution trade conditions and export product situations of major countries. Results show that the network remains stable, with developed countries (including the United States, Japan and Germany) occupying central roles, while emerging economies (including China and Russia) have made significant progress. Trade-related carbon emissions have risen sharply, revealing carbon inequality as developing countries bear disproportionate environmental burdens. Furthermore, the flows of value-added and embodied carbon between the United States and China show divergent trends. These findings enhance understanding of the trade – environment nexus and provide insights for global carbon reduction.