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Hexagonal [0001] nonpassivated ZnO nanowires are studied with density functional calculations. The band gap and Young's modulus in nanowires which are larger than those in bulk ZnO increase along with the decrease of the radius of nanowires. We find ZnO nanowires have larger effective piezoelectric constant than bulk ZnO due to their free boundary. In addition, the effective piezoelectric constant in small ZnO nanowires doesn't depend monotonously on the radius due to two competitive effects: elongation of the nanowires and increase of the ratio of surface atoms.
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Xiang et al. (2005) studied this question.