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Several urine biomarkers reflecting kidney tubular health and disease have been developed and may provide additional prognostic information alongside estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR).1,2 Urine tubular biomarkers such as dickkopf-3 (DKK-3), interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and human cartilage glycoprotein-40 (YKL-40) have been investigated in the context of acute kidney injury, kidney function decline, kidney drug monitoring, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
Malijan et al. (Wed,) studied this question.