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This study aims to investigate the interannual responses of the tropical Pacific Ocean to wind variations and their effects on El Niño events.

Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific—Revisited

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This study aims to investigate the interannual responses of the tropical Pacific Ocean to wind variations and their effects on El Niño events.
Extended a linear numerical model using monthly wind estimates from 1961 to 1978.
Compared model pycnocline variations with observed sea-level fluctuations.
Analyzed influence of zonal wind stress changes on El Niño characteristics.
El Niño events correlated with persistent pycnocline deepening along the eastern boundary.
Variability in El Niño events linked to zonal wind stress changes, highlighting distinct features for the 1970s.
Rapid shoaling of the pycnocline during El Niño driven by westward-propagating Rossby waves.

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Randomized trial explored ocean responses to wind changes in the tropical Pacific, indicating evolving El Niño characteristics.

Busalacchi et al. (1983) studied this question.

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