Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediated regulation of stress adaptation, development and agronomic traits in wheat (Triticum spp.): advances, challenges and translational prospects

Wheat ( Triticum spp.), a globally important staple crop, has a complex polyploid genome (di-, tetra-, and hexaploid) shaped by domestication and adaptation to diverse agro-ecological zones. This genomic complexity poses significant challenges for trait characterization and breeding. Recent advances in functional genomics, including reference genome assemblies, genome-editing tools, high-throughput phenotyping, and speed-breeding platforms, have revolutionized wheat research, enabled deeper exploration of agronomic traits, and accelerated the development of high-yielding, stress-resilient, and nutritionally enhanced varieties. Among emerging molecular tools, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained prominence for their regulatory roles in gene expression and plant development, particularly under (a/biotic) stress conditions. Major ncRNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in wheat’s key traits, including grain quality, productivity, and resistance to a/biotic stresses. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics pipeline have enabled the identification and functional analysis of ncRNAs, supporting the construction of regulatory networks and their integration into genomics-assisted breeding program. Despite rapid progress of multi-omics integration in wheat, a major knowledge gap remains in understanding the crosstalk among ncRNA classes and their dynamic regulation in multi-stress environments, which limits their translational use in wheat and other allied cereal improvement. Addressing this gap through integrative omics and functional validation will enhance the precision of trait dissection and molecular breeding. Furthermore, ncRNAs hold promise as biomarkers and gene-editing targets, offering novel avenues for trait improvement and sustainable wheat production under climate change scenarios.