Design, Fabrication, and Modeling of Nb-Based Josephson Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifiers toward Quantum-Limited Readout

This work presents the design, fabrication strategy, and numerical modeling of niobium-based Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifiers (JTWPAs) for quantum microwave readout These devices are designed as nonlinear transmission lines composed of more than two thousand Josephson junction unit cells, with periodically embedded resonators enabling phase matching. The use of Nb trilayer technology (Nb/AlOx/Nb) with respect to Al-based devices ensures higher junction uniformity, lower losses, and higher resilience to stray magnetic fields. We developed a multi-scale modeling framework combining harmonic balance methods and time-domain simulations of nonlinear coupled differential equations to describe wave propagation, parametric amplification, and spectral dynamics. Numerical results predict broadband gain up to 20 dB over multi-GHz bandwidths. These results demonstrate the potential of Nb-based JTWPAs as scalable components for quantum applications.