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A progressive respiratory disease marked by continuous airflow restriction and major systemic repercussions including nutritional imbalances, COPD is Disease progression, mortality rates, healthcare expenses, hospital stays, readmissions, muscular strength, and respiratory muscle function all are greatly influenced by nutrition and biochemical indicators. Common in COPD patients, malnutrition—especially protein-energy shortage and micronutrient insufficiency—contributes to muscle atrophy, lowere
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Rakhima et al. (2025) studied this question.
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