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The relationship between elastic strain gradient and electric polarization was investigated in the relaxor ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate ceramic. Experimental studies indicated that flexoelectric polarization is linearly proportional to the applied strain gradient, and the flexoelectric coefficient μ12 is calculated to be 4×10−6 C/m, which is much higher than the early phenomenological estimations.
Ma et al. (Mon,) studied this question.