The synthesis of amines by the homogeneous hydrogenation of secondary and primary amides

Amides can be hydrogenated to amines using a catalyst prepared in situ from [Ru(acac)(3)] and 1,1,1-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane; water is required to stabilize the catalyst and primary amines can only be formed (selectivity up to 85%) if ammonia is also present.