Structure in the far-field pattern of current-confined stripe-geometry double-heterostructure lasers in the angle range± 20 observed at current levels of less than1/4of threshold value. The behavior is explained by leaky-mode guiding due to a gain maximum under the stripe and to a negative refractive index step on the order of -0.01.
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Engelmann et al. (1979) studied this question.
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