The combined effects of deviation from ideal in integrator magnitude and phase on the performance of integrator-based active filters is investigated. The limitations of using the integratorQ-factor as a measure of integrator performance are discussed. Conditions for minimizing the operational amplifier gain bandwidth product effects on integrator-based active filters are established which are dependent only upon the characteristics of the integrators. Inverting and noninverting integrators for use in active filters which are independent of first-order and second-order operational amplifier time constant effects and require no amplifier matching are introduced. These new integrators are compared with existing actively compensated configurations directly and in a filter structure. Experimental results are presented which confirm the theoretical development.
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Geiger et al. (1982) studied this question.
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