Association between particulate matter air pollution and lung cancer

Long-term exposure to particulate matter 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) air pollution is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. However, the evidence is limited in low-income and middle-income countries. We estimated the association between the incidence of lung cancer and PM 2.5 air pollution exposure in the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) beneficiaries in China. A total of 16 483 new lung cancer cases diagnosed from 12 966 137 UEBMI beneficiaries from 36 cities between 2013 and 2016. The relative risk for lung cancer associated with a 10 µg/m 3 increase in 3-year PM 2.5 exposure was 1.12 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.26). The population attributable risk estimated for a reduction in PM 2.5 concentration to 35 µg/m 3 corresponded to a decrease of 14% in cases of lung cancer. Reducing PM 2.5 air pollution has a significant public health benefit.