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Despite their best efforts, computer programmers consistently fail to build the safe and reliable programs they imagine; rather, they typically build systems that work well until something unexpected happens. When presented with unexpected inputs, systems may reveal bugs in their code, which cause incorrect behavior or crashes. Every programmer knows that bugs are a persistent and costly issue in computer programs, but the path to getting rid of them is less clear.
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Fasano et al. (2019) studied this question.
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