Effect of Cobalt Doping Concentration on the Crystalline Structure and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse CoxFe3–xO₄ Nanoparticles within Nonpolar and Aqueous Solvents

In this work, we investigate the effect of cobalt substitution on the size evolution, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. Monodisperse Co x Fe 3– x O 4 nanoparticles were prepared, using a one-step method, by direct heating process of iron(III) and cobalt(II) acetylacetonates in high-boiling-point inert organic solvent. The quantities of precursors added were based on stoichiometric Fe/Co ratio of desired ferrite. Elemental analyses ICP-AES evidenced successful cobalt doping. The doped particles showed a cobalt-deficient composition. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the large changes of particle size as a function of cobalt doping. The magnetization measurements showed an unchanged saturation magnetization only up to x = 0.24, beyond which it significantly decreased. To make the as-synthesized nanoparticles suitable for biomedical applications, oleic acid ligands are exchanged with caffeic acid molecules leading to stable nanoparticles in physiological conditions.