Multigigahertz-bandwidth lumped-element optical-guided-wave Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators have been designed, fabricated in LiNbO3, tested, and analyzed. Three modulators were built having 3 dB bandwidths of 2.75, 4.4, and 7.3 GHz with Vπ's of 7, 14, and 28 V, respectively. A simple RLC equivalent circuit model adequately predicts the packaged modulator performance. Coupled with previously reported work, this demonstrates the ability to reliably design and fabricate lumped-element modulators which operate from dc through 7.3 GHz.
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R. Becker (1985) studied this question.
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