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A novel technique was developed to eliminate the Li2O out-diffusion waveguide in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 incurred during the process of Ti in-diffusion. The out-diffusion waveguide can be suppressed by annealing the crystals in LiNbO3 powder at 900 °C in a flowing oxygen environment for 1 h or longer.
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Chen et al. (1977) studied this question.
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