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We demonstrated a submillisecond response time and low-voltage variable optical attenuator (VOA) using a dual-frequency liquid crystal. The dynamic range of the VOA reaches 43 dB at a 1.55 µm wavelength. A normally on VOA with a flat wavelength response is obtained using a phase compensation cell. Fast rise and decay times are achieved using low-frequency overdrive and high-frequency undershoot voltages. Other approaches to further improve the VOA's performances are discussed.
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Liang et al. (2005) studied this question.
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