Bioactive Polysulfate‐Based Nano‐Assemblies Against Virus Infection

Figures

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  Scheme 1. Sulfated nano‐assemblies inhibit HSV‐1 via multivalent interactions.

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  Figure 1. A) Self‐assembly of lPGS%‐PTMC into aggregates with brush‐like corona. B) Size distribution of lPGS%‐PTMC measured by DLS. C) Cryo‐EM images of lPGS%‐PTMC nano‐assemblies: a) lPGS‐23%‐PTMC, b) lPGS‐45%‐PTMC, c) lPGS‐76%‐PTMC, d) lPGS‐100%‐PTMC.

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  Figure 2. Concentration‐dependent inhibition efficacy against HSV‐1 of lPGS‐23%‐PTMC A), lPGS‐45%‐PTMC B), lPGS‐76%‐PTMC C), and lPGS‐100%‐PTMC D) via plaque reduction assay (mean ± SD, n = 5). The Inhibition curve is individually indicated in red in each graph, and it's analyzed by log(inhibitor) versus response – variable slope model embedded in Prism. E) Images of crystal violet‐stained Vero E6 cells infected by HSV‐1.

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  Figure 3. A) Dynamic inhibiting behavior of lPGS‐100%‐PTMC nano‐assemblies. B) Cryo‐EM images of lPGS‐100%‐PTMC nano‐assemblies with HSV‐1: a) Native HSV‐1 with glycoproteins on the envelope. b) Multivalent binding and trapping of HSV‐1 by lPGS‐100%‐PTMC nano‐assemblies (scale bar: 50 nm).

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  Figure 4. Representative fluorescent images of Vero E6 cells infected by pre‐inhibited HSV‐1 with nano‐assemblies lPGS‐23%‐PTMC, lPGS‐45%‐PTMC, lPGS‐76%‐PTMC, and lPGS‐100%‐PTMC at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1 A) and at a concentration of 10 µg mL−1 B). Representative fluorescent images of Vero E6 cells infected by HSV‐1 and post‐incubated with nano‐assemblies lPGS‐23%‐PTMC, lPGS‐45%‐PTMC, lPGS‐76%‐PTMC, and lPGS‐100%‐PTMC at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1 C) and at a concentration of 10 µg mL−1 D).

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  Figure 5. Representative fluorescent images of Vero E6 cells infected by omicron BA.5 pre‐inhibited by nano‐assemblies lPGS‐76%‐PTMC and lPGS‐98%‐PTMC at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1.