Review on Outbreak Dynamics, the Endemic Serotypes, and Diversified Topotypic Profiles of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Isolates in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2018

Figures

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  Figure 1. Mapping of the seven global endemic pools with estimated FMD outbreak status during 2017. Ethiopia is found in the middle of three pools (pool 5, 4, 3) and is connected to the Southern Africa’s territories via pool 4 and to the Middle East via pool (3). There is overlapping between pools 4 and 5. Virus circulation and evolution within these pools helps in estimation the jumping of virus between pools and for appropriately adapted vaccines. Map adopted from OIE/FAO Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory Network Annual Report 2017 [55].

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  Figure 2. The figure shows the spatial distribution of FMD serotypes identified from outbreaks (2014–2017) in regional states of Ethiopia; O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 in Oromia and Addis Ababa, O, A and SAT2 in Amhara and Tigray, and only O serotype was identified in SNNPR, Somali, Benshangual and Afar. (The map was adopted from Daniel Gizaw presentation EU-FMD [71].

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  Figure 3. Numbers of FMD outbreaks (2008–2018) reports from different part of the country. The graph depicted that the highest outbreak recorded in 2012.The data out the outbreak was mostly retrived from MoLF (Ministry of Livestock and Fishery) and different research works [75,76].

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  Figure 4. The average number of FMD outbreaks (2009–2018) by month in different parts of the country. This illustration shows seasonal dynamics with higher FMD outbreaks burdens occurred during peak dry season (from December to early February). The data of the outbreak was maintained from MoLF (Ministry of Livestock and Fishery) [75].

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  Figure 5. Conjectured transpooling of Serotypes of FMDV lineages between countries in different pools from year 2010 -2017. The pie diagram in (A) Shows the transpooling of serotype O/EA-3 lineage from east Africa zone at different periods including the new FMD outbreaks from O/EA-3 in palestein and isreal 2017. (B)Shows the spread of serotype SAT2 (topotype VII) FMDV lineage from east Africa in to North Africa and Middle East. Map adopted from OIE/FAO Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory Network Annual Report 2017 [55].