Cyber Security in Control of Grid-Tied Power Electronic Converters—Challenges and Vulnerabilities

Grid-tied power electronic converters are key enabling technologies for interfacing renewable energy sources, energy storage, electrical vehicles, microgrids, and high-voltage dc transmission lines with the electrical power grid. As the number of power converters in modern grids continually increases, their monitoring and coordinated control in a way to support the grid have become topics of increased practical and research interest. In connection with this, latest standards have also defined a mandatory set of control parameters for grid-tied converters, which should be adjustable by a remote entity that sends commands through a communication network. While such a remote control capability allows many new control functions in grid-tied converters, it also renders them vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The aim of this article is first to shed light on the portions of the power converter control systems that are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Next, typical cyber-attacks are overviewed by considering different applications of the grid-tied converters. Further, the impact of different types of cyber-attacks on grid support functions is studied. Finally, this article is concluded with summary and recommendation for further research.