Expression of interleukin 2 receptors on human carcinoma cell lines and tumor growth inhibition by interleukin 2

We have previously shown that human squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) express the interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R)-alpha and -beta chains, and that the ligand, IL2, directly inhibits growth of the tumor in vitro and in vivo in the tumor xenograft-nude mice model. We now show that the alpha and beta chains of IL2R are expressed on a variety of human carcinoma cell lines and on normal human keratinocytes in early-stage cultures. While all carcinoma cells in a population expressed IL2R-alpha and -beta proteins, in keratinocytes obtained from different normal donors, variable proportions of cells were positive, as measured by flow cytometry. The carcinoma lines and 2/5 keratinocyte lines studied were also found to contain transcripts for the IL2R-gamma chain detectable by combined reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and hybridization with the specific cDNA probe. Incubation of the gastric (HR) or renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines, but not of other IL2R+ carcinoma cell lines or normal keratinocytes, in the presence of IL2 resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of tumor cell growth. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for IL2R-beta chain completely reversed this growth inhibitory effect of IL2. The ligand, IL2, also down-regulated surface expression of its own receptor and of intercellular adhesion molecule-I (ICAM-I) or class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on IL2R+ tumor cells. All carcinoma cells studied incubated in the presence of IL2 exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to growth-inhibitory effects of other cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. IL2 inhibited growth of the HR cells by arresting a significant proportion of tumor cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, IL2 can have direct effects on IL2R+ carcinoma cells, leading to changes in growth or to increases in sensitivity of tumor cells to cytostatic activities of other cytokines.