Molecular and Pore Structures of Coal on CO₂ Hydrate Formation: Insights from the Adsorption-Hydrate Hybrid Process

Although CO 2 hydrate formation technology in porous media is regarded as an effective means to address carbon emissions, the effects of the physicochemical properties of porous media on the growth characteristics of hydrates remain to be studied. In this work, the influence mechanism of the molecular/pore structures of three different ranks of coals ( R o, max = 0.99% for XZ-02, 1.39% for YT-09, and 2.29% for ZC-15) on CO 2 hydrate formation was studied at 40, 70, and 100% water saturation rates via the excess gas method. The results show that the adsorption and hydrophobicity controlled by the molecular structure are beneficial for the synthesis of CO 2 hydrates. A greater amount of CO 2 adsorbed on the coal surface increased the gas pore pressure, shortened the induction time, and promoted hydrate formation. Moreover, a strongly hydrophobic surface is conducive to the nucleation of CO 2 hydrates. CO 2 hydrates are synthesized mainly in macropores (>50 nm). The macropores of YT-09 are mainly 400–10,000 nm in size, which is much larger than the critical pore size (radius of 58.68 nm) of the capillary effect, avoiding the influence of the nanopore constraint effect and promoting the synthesis of hydrates. XZ-02 and ZC-15 contain smaller macropore sizes and throats, greatly shortening the induction time of hydrate formation while hindering mass transfer, resulting in less hydrate synthesis. The water consumption and conversion rate decrease with increasing water saturation. In addition, water cannot be completely converted into CO 2 hydrate because of the influence of mass transfer in the late stage of massive hydrate synthesis. CO 2 hydrates tend to form in the cementation mode at 40 and 70% water saturation, whereas they form in the floating mode at 100% water saturation. Coal with low apparent density and wide macropores is more suitable as a porous medium for solidifying and storing CO 2 in the form of a hydrate. This work provides theoretical guidance for CO 2 capture and storage in coal measure gas hydrate reservoirs.