Heart rate response dynamics, specifically steady state gain and time constant, vary with exercise intensity and differ between onset and offset of exercise.
Heart rate modeling may need speed-specific parameters above 3 mph with asymmetric dynamics; leaves open prospective validation before clinical use.
Heart rate is one of the major indications of human cardiovascular response to exercises. This study investigates human heart rate response dynamics to moderate exercise. A healthy male subject has been asked to walk on a motorised treadmill under a predefined exercise protocol. ECG, body movements, and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) have been reliably monitored and recorded by using non-invasive portable sensors. To reduce heart rate variation caused by the influence of various internal or external factors, the designed step response protocol has been repeated three times. Experimental results show that both steady state gain and time constant of heart rate response are not invariant when walking speed is faster than 3 miles/hour, and time constant of offset exercise is noticeably longer than that of onset exercise.
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Steven W. Su (2010) studied this question.