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Urolithiasis in children is a rare event with an overall incidence of 1-2%. Many stones pass spontaneously and can be managed conservatively. If spontaneous passage fails or is not indicated, the removal of the stones should be as minimal-invasive as possible and a complete stone clearance should always be attempted. Shock Wave Lithotripsy remains the method of first choice in children because of its higher efficacy compared to adults. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy can be performed safely if indicated. Laparoscopic and open techniques are limited to few selected cases.
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Knoll et al. (2016) studied this question.
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