Internet of Things over the last decade: a review of frameworks, architecture, services, and platforms

The Internet of Things (IoT) is based on building an environment to interconnect a vast number of heterogeneous physical objects or things to the internet for enhancing the efficiencies of various types of applications through high-level computing. These types of ecosystems can be visualized as integrations of platforms and services managing the flowing of real-time data streams from the low-level stand-alone IoT devices and taking intelligent decisions. As the prime technology involved in these systems is the internet, most of the time it becomes difficult for the designers to figure out the suitable hardware, software, communication and networking protocols, and computing platforms for different applications. Nowadays, IoT systems suffer from additional challenges like bandwidth, latency, uninterrupted services, location constraints, climatic constraints, resource constraints, and security. To overcome some of the major problems, the authors have tried to provide a concise idea about different types of frameworks, architecture, services, and platforms that have been utilized in various IoT use cases for the last decade. This article contains the description of IoT systems from the viewpoint of different network models to various wireless standards, platform integration tools, and cloud platforms which have been successfully utilized for different IoT applications. The prime objective of this extensive review is that it can act as a reference for the designers while selecting conventional as well as contemporary technologies suitable for any type of complex IoT system design.