What question did this study set out to answer?

To develop a wide-band and low-driving-power Ti:LiNbO3 optical phase modulator operating at a 1.5-μm wavelength.

A wide-band and low-driving-power phase modulator employing a Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ optical waveguide at 1.5 mu m

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Experimental design demonstrates broadband 12 GHz modulation at low driving power, highlighting efficient high-speed optical communications.

To develop a wide-band and low-driving-power Ti:LiNbO3 optical phase modulator operating at a 1.5-μm wavelength.
Incorporated a relatively thick SiO2 buffer layer to mitigate phase velocity mismatch between microwave and optical waves.
Designed a coplanar traveling-wave electrode based on spectral domain upper bound calculations.
Achieved a wide-band modulation frequency of 12 GHz at the 3 dB optical and 6 dB electrical cutoff points.
Demonstrated a low driving-power-to-modulation-bandwidth ratio of 20 mW/GHz.

Kawano et al. (1989) studied this question.

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Experimental design demonstrates broadband 12 GHz modulation at low driving power, highlighting efficient high-speed optical communications.