Evolution of Isolated Atoms and Clusters in Catalysis

Structural transformation and evolution of active metal sites can occur in metal-catalyzed reactions in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Such structural changes have an important impact on the catalytic behavior, including activity, selectivity, and stability. Aiming to establish a link between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems, this review begins with a discussion on dynamic structural transformations of metal catalysts in homogeneous reactions and the corresponding implications. We then discuss the evolution of isolated metal atoms and clusters in heterogeneous catalysts during catalyst activation and under reaction conditions. Finally, strategies for stabilizing subnanometric metal species on solid supports are presented for potential industrial applications.