A gyrokinetic particle simulation is a powerful tool in studying tokamak microturbulence. A δf method, which is a standard method in recent gyrokinetic particle simulations, dramatically improves an efficiency of a particle simulation by reducing a particle noise, and full torus turbulence simulations are enabled. In this paper, the δf method is reviewed, and issues in full torus gyrokinetic particle simulations are discussed.
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Yasuhiro Idomura (2005) studied this question.
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