The Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular and Renal Function in Cardiac Patients With and Without Heart Failure 1

25 patients, including 15 with severe valvular and non-valvular heart disease with some degree of circulatory failure (Group A), 8 with chronic pulmonary disease with or without congestive failure (Group B), and 2 with high-cardiac-output disease (Group C).

Exercise in the supine position.

Rest (pre-exercise control).

Cardiovascular and renal hemodynamic responses to exercise (including cardiac index, vascular pressures, renal plasma flow, and glomerular filtration rate).surrogate