Mechanisms of exercise in preventing cardiovascular diseases: Insights from gut microbiota characteristics in pathological states of cardiovascular diseases

Figures

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  Fig.1. Mechanism of Exercise-Regulated GM Improves Vascular Function. (1) Exercise regulates gut microbiota such as 5—HT, succinic acid, acetic acids and propionic acid to improve vascular contractile function. (2) Exercise regulates gut microbiota such as serotonin, IS, bile acids and propionic acids to improve vascular diastolic function. (3) Exercise regulates gut microbiota such as LPS, butyric acid and propionic acid to improve arterial stiffness

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  Fig.2. Mechanism of Exercise-Regulated GM Improves Cardiac Function. (1) Exercise modulates gut microbiota such as TMAO, IS, GABA, DCA, Propionic acid to improve cardiac morphology; (2) Exercise modulates gut microbiota such as Imp,3-HPA,4-HBA, Succinic acid to improve cardiac systolic function; (3) Exercise increases IPA and binds to AhR receptor to promote the expression of SIRT3 to improve cardiac diastolic function

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  Fig.3. Mechanism of Exercise-Regulated GM Improves Autonomic Nervous Function. (1) Exercise regulates the content of succinic acid and H2S to alleviate autonomic dysfunction and improve CVD. (2) Exercise can increase the content of acetic acid and Lactobacillus plantarum to affect autonomic function and reduce blood pressure. (3) Exercise can reduce TMAO, inhibit the activation of left stellate ganglion, and then inhibit the cardiac sympathetic nerves to reduce the occurrence of CVD

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  Fig.4. Mechanism of GM-Mediated Exercise Regulation of Improving CVD. Exercise improves the occurrence and development of CVD by reshaping the gut microbiota and its metabolites, which in turn enhances vascular function, cardiac function, autonomic nerve function, and hemodynamics

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  Fig.5. Flow diagram of the study selection process. Keywords for the above data included: exercise; training; sport; movement; gut microbiota; gut flora; microbiology; intestinal flora; cardiovascular disease; atherosclerosis; hypertension; myocardial infarction; heart failure and so on