Many commentators purport to use the Kemp-Wan Theorem to discuss the effects of regional integration schemes on non-member countries, and to operationalize the theorem in terms of the share of member countries' imports coming from non-members I show that Kemp and Wan say nothing about changes in non-member welfare and that the latter is more closely related to non-members' imports than to their shares of members' markets I suggest that a new approach to this issue is required
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L. Alan Winters (1997) studied this question.
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